编辑“卡尔·马克思”

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = 卡尔·马克思
| native_name =Karl Marx 
| image = File:Marx.jpg
| image_size = 225px
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = 马克思同志画像。
| nationality = 普鲁士 (1818年–1845年)</br>无国籍 (1845年后)
| known = 创立[[马克思主义]]
| field = [[哲学]], [[科学]], [[政治经济学]], [[历史]]
| birth_name = 卡尔·海因里希·马克思
| birth_date = 1818年5月5日
| birth_place =德意志联邦， 普鲁士王国, 特里尔
| death_date = 1883年3月14日
| death_place = [[英国]]伦敦
| death_cause =
| footnotes = 
}}'''卡尔·马克思''' ，（1818年5月5日-1883年3月14日）, [[德国]]哲学家、经济学家、历史学家、社会学家、政治理论家和社会革命家。他和他的亲密战友[[恩格斯]]一起，基于[[辩证唯物主义]]发现了人类社会发展规律，创立了[[马克思主义]]。

马克思是[[共产主义]]运动最重要的思想家。他强调了[[资本主义]]中的矛盾和内在剥削，提出了[[社会主义]]经济模式。他最著名的作品是1848年与[[恩格斯]]合著的''《[[共产党宣言]]》''和1867年完成的《''[[资本论]]》''，这两部作品都具有巨大的国际影响力。
==生平==
===早年生活===
马克思于 1818 年 5 月 5 日出生在普鲁士南部有约一万一千人口的小镇特里尔，靠进法国。<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=39-40|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=In 1819, Trier had hardly more than 11,000 inhabitants; furthermore, about 3,500 soldiers were stationed in Trier (Monz 1973: 57). This was not an especially large population, even if one takes into consideration that back then most people lived in the countryside and cities had far fewer inhabitants than today. [...] The Trier in which Marx grew up was characteristically rural; it had only two main streets, the rest of the town consisting of side alleys and little streets.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref> 1794年到1815年，这座小镇曾属于[[法国]]， [[拿破仑]]战败后被[[普鲁士]]吞并。<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=39-40|quote=In 1794, Trier was occupied by French troops. Revolutionary France had not only beaten back the monarchist powers but had made considerable territorial conquests. [...] After Napoleon’s failed Russian campaign, French rule ended. In 1815, at the Congress of Vienna, Catholic Trier, along with the Rhineland, was awarded to Protestant Prussia.|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref>马克思是海因里希和亨丽埃特·马克思的第三个孩子，有七个兄弟姐妹。到1847年，马克思29岁时，除了他的三个姐妹苏菲（1816 - 1886），艾米莉（1822 - 1888）和路易丝（1821 - 1893）之外，其余都已经死于肺结核。<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=35|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Karl was not his parents’ first child; in 1815, their son Mauritz David and in 1816 daughter Sophie had been born. However, Mauritz David died in 1819. In the years following, further siblings were born: Hermann (1819), Henriette (1820), Louise (1821), Emilie (1822), Caroline (1824), and Eduard (1826), so that Karl grew up with seven siblings total. However, not all of them would go on to live long lives: Eduard, the youngest brother, was eleven when he died in 1837. Three other siblings were hardly older than 20 at the time of their death: Hermann died in the year 1842, Henriette in 1845, and Caroline in 1847. In all cases, the cause of death was given as “consumption” (tuberculosis), a widespread illness in the nineteenth century. The three remaining sisters lived considerably longer; they also survived their brother Karl. Sophie died in 1886, Emilie in 1888, and Louise in 1893.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref>

卡尔·马克思（Karl Marx）的家庭是特里尔一个富裕的小资产阶级家庭，他的父母都有犹太血统，但他的家人在1824年皈依了新教。其父亲海因里希是一位富裕的律师，在特里尔有一定名气，也积累了一定财富。<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=35-42|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Marx’s father was a well-regarded lawyer in Trier, and his income allowed his family a certain affluence. Both the house on Brückengasse (today Brückenstraße), which the family rented and in which Karl was born,16 as well as the somewhat smaller, but centrally located house on Simeonstraße that the family purchased in the autumn of 1819 and in which young Karl grew up, were among the better bourgeois homes of the city. (p.35)
[...]
The center of social life in Trier was the Literary Casino Society (Literarische Casinogesellschaft) founded in 1818. Its statutes determined its purpose to be “maintaining a reading society connected to an association location for the convivial enjoyment of educated people” (quoted in Kentenich 1915: 731). In the Casino building, completed in 1825, there was a reading room that also contained several foreign newspapers. Balls and concerts, and on special occasions banquets, were regularly held (see Schmidt 1955: 11ff.). The sophisticated bourgeois stratum and the officers of the garrison belonged to the Casino. Karl’s father, Heinrich Marx, was one of the founding members. Similar societies, often with the same name, also arose at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century in other German cities; they were important focal points for the emerging bourgeois culture. Critique of existing political conditions was also articulated here. (pp. 41-42)|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=67-68|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Professional success was also reflected in a certain level of affluence. In 1819, Heinrich Marx was able to buy a house on Simeonstraße. According to the tax information evaluated by Herres, Heinrich Marx was assessed in 1832 as having an income of 1,500 talers annually, thus belonging to the upper 30 percent of the Trier middle and upper class that had a yearly income of more than 200 talers. Since this middle and upper class only comprised around 20 percent of the population, the Marx family, in terms of income, belonged to the upper 6 percent of the total population. With this income, the family was also able to accumulate a certain level of wealth, owning multiple plots of land used for agriculture, among which were vineyards. For wealthy citizens of Trier, ownership of vineyards was a popular retirement provision. The Marx family also employed servants. In the year 1818, there was at least one maid; for the years 1830 and 1833, “two maids” are documented.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref>

卡尔·马克思和他的妹妹苏菲结识了埃德加和[[燕妮·马克思]]，后者后来成为马克思的妻子。这段感情要么始于在和马克思在同一学校学习的埃德加，要么始于他们父亲之间。.<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=36|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Eleanor reports that among Marx‘s earliest playmates was his future wife, Jenny von Westphalen, and her younger brother Edgar. The latter attended the same school as Marx and also received confirmation along with him on March 23, 1834. How the children‘s friendship came about and when it began, however, remains unknown. We know that Marx‘s older sister Sophie was friends with Jenny, but whether it was the two girls or the two boys Karl and Edgar who first made friends, or whether the children‘s friendship was first initiated through the friendly relationship between their fathers, is not known.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref>冯威斯特法伦家族也是一个小资产阶级家庭，<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=45|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Ludwig von Westphalen and Heinrich Marx had annual incomes of 1,800 and 1,500 taler, respectively.|volume=1: 1818–1841|image=Annual income of Trier households 1831–1832.png}}</ref> 年轻的卡尔与燕妮的父亲约翰·路德维希·冯·威斯特法伦男爵是朋友，他的思想对马克思产生了影响。<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=36|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Eleanor also discloses that the young Karl was intellectually stimulated primarily by his father and his future father-in-law, Ludwig von Westphalen. It was from the latter that he “imbibed his first love for the “Romantic” School, and while his father read him Voltaire and Racine, Westphalen read him Homer and Shakespeare.” The fact that Marx dedicated his doctoral dissertation rather emotionally to Ludwig von Westphalen in 1841 demonstrates how important the latter was to him.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref>

从 1830 年到 1835 年，马克思就读于弗里德里希·威廉中学，这是一所为学生上大学做准备的公立中学。 在那里他跟随几位老师学习，其中一些老师对政治现状持批评态度，其中包括学校主任约翰·雨果·维滕巴赫。<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=97|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=The towering presence of the Trier gymnasium was its director of many years, Johann Hugo Wyttenbach (1767–1848). He was also an archaeologist and founder of the Trier city library. In 1804, Wyttenbach was already director of the French secondary school; he remained director of the gymnasium until 1846. His thinking was strongly influenced by the Enlightenment; in his earlier years, he was an adherent of the French Jacobins. He maintained his liberal and humanistic ethos even under Prussian rule.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=98-99|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=When the young Karl started gymnasium in 1830, Wyttenbach was sixty-three years old. Most teachers were considerably younger, and as can be gleaned from the fragmentary information of the surviving records, at least a few of them had rather critical attitudes toward the reigning social and political conditions and were observed with distrust by the Prussian authorities.

First and foremost to be named in this regard is Thomas Simon (1793– 1869), who taught French to Karl at the Tertia level. [...] He had “turned toward the concerns of the poor, neglected people,” since as a teacher he had seen daily that “it was not the possession of cold, filthy, minted money that makes a human being a human being, but rather character, disposition, understanding, and empathy for the weal and woe of one’s fellows” (quoted in Böse 1951: 11). In 1849, Simon was elected to the Prussian house of representatives, where he joined the left. His son, Ludwig Simon (1819–1872), also attended the gymnasium in Trier and took the Abitur exams a year after Karl. [Ludwig] was elected to the national assembly in 1848. As a result of his activities during the revolutionary years of 1848–49, the Prussian government brought multiple legal proceedings against him and convicted him in absentia to death, so that he had to emigrate to Switzerland.

Heinrich Schwendler (1792–1847), who taught French to Marx at the Obersekunda and Prima levels, was suspected in 1833 by the Prussian government of being the author of an insurgent leaflet; he was accused of “poor character” and of “familiar relationships to all the fraudulent minds of the local city.” In 1834, a ministerial commission warned of the “pernicious orientation” of Simon and Schwendler, and in 1835, the provincial school council regarded his dismissal as desirable, but could not find a sufficient reason (Monz 1973: 171, 178).

Johann Gerhard Schneeman (1796–1864) had studied classical philology, history, philosophy, and mathematics; he published numerous contributions on the archaeology of Trier. At the Tertia and Obersekunda levels, he taught Karl Latin and Greek. In 1834, Schneeman also participated in the singing of revolutionary songs at the Casino and was interrogated by the police as a result.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref> 当时，[[自由主义]]被革命理想和对[[法国大革命]]的浪漫情怀联系在一起，这两者都为[[普鲁士]]政府所厌恶。 特里尔学院（Trier Gymnasium）当时只招收男学生<ref>{{Citation|author=Michael Heinrich|year=2019|title=Karl Marx and the birth of modern society: the life of Marx and the development of his work|page=122|isbn=978-1-58367-735-3|city=New York|publisher=Monthly Review Press|lg=http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=CE9645B504370175EDDFD48581F413A6|quote=Marx was a student for six years. There are serious differences between student life then and as it exists today. Perhaps the most noticeable back then was that there were no female students or professors; universities were purely male institutions and would remain so for quite a while. Whereas in Switzerland women could enroll at the University of Zurich beginning in the 1860s, it wasn’t until the end of the nineteenth century that women were admitted as regular students to German universities.|volume=1: 1818–1841}}</ref> 而马克思在那儿学习了[[希腊文]]、[[拉丁文]]和[[法文]]<ref name=":0" />
===大学阶段===
在特里尔学院以优异的成绩毕业后，马克思进入了大学，从 1835 年到 1836 年在波恩大学学习了两个学期。马克思的父亲厌恶儿子酗酒和放荡不羁的生活方式，并说服他转学到当时著名的柏林大学 。 在那里，他学习了法律，主修历史和哲学，并于 1841 年完成了大学课程，发表了一篇关于伊壁鸠鲁哲学的博士论文。 当时的马克思看来是一个黑格尔唯心主义者，与布鲁诺鲍威尔等人一样，属于“左派黑格尔主义者”的圈子。<ref>[[Lenin]] (1914). ''Karl Marx: A brief biographical sketch with an exposition of Marxism.'' [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/ marxists.org link]</ref>
===晚年经历===
马克思晚年从事人类学研究，尽管他个人生活困难而无法完成许多工作。<ref>{{News citation|journalist=[[Carlos L. Garrido]]|title=The Last Years of Karl Marx|url=https://youtu.be/lIUv-gsBb4o|newspaper=[[Midwestern Marx]]}}</ref><ref>{{News citation|journalist=Carlos L. Garrido|title=Book Review: The Last Years of Karl Marx: An Intellectual Biography. By: Marcello Musto. Reviewed By: Carlos L. Garrido|url=https://www.midwesternmarx.com/articles/book-review-the-last-years-of-karl-marx-an-intellectual-biography-by-marcello-musto-reviewed-by-carlos-l-garrido|newspaper=[[Midwestern Marx]]}}</ref>
==意识形态来源==
马克思最根本的思想来源是德国古典哲学、英国政治经济学和法国空想社会主义。<ref>Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1913-03) [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1913/mar/x01.htm The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism]</ref>

主要德国古典哲学来源：
#[[格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔]]
#[[路德维希·费尔巴哈]]
#[[布鲁诺·鲍威尔]]
#[[马克斯·施蒂纳]]
主要英国政治经济学来源：
#[[亚当·斯密|亚当·私密]]
#[[David Ricardo]]
主要法国空想社会主义来源：
#[[亨利·德·圣西门]]
#[[查尔斯·傅立叶]]
#[[Robert Owen|罗伯特·欧文]]
{{Library works}}
==参考==
<references />