「马克思主义」：修訂間差異

於 2022年8月13日 (六) 08:47 的修訂

馬克思主義是由卡爾·馬克思和Friedrich Engels創立的科學世界觀與思想流派。馬克思主義發展起來的理論基礎是法國空想社會主義、英國政治經濟學和德國古典哲學的批判性結合。自19世紀以來，馬克思主義發展成幾種不同的流派，如馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想、胡志明思想等許多流派。馬克思主義科學世界觀是通過基於歷史唯物主義的社會和歷史發展研究形成的。馬克思主義科學世界觀是通過基於歷史唯物主義方法對社會和歷史發展的研究形成的。

馬克思和恩格斯首先在與空想社會主義者鬥爭時發展了科學社會主義，《資本論》第一卷的發行使其發展更進一步。列寧在二十世紀實現了無產階級專政。

歷史

馬克思、恩格斯批判地重新思考和創造性地改造了人類以往科學思想和社會發展的成果，總結了工人群眾階級鬥爭和革命運動的經驗。

馬克思主義是一個完整的理論體系，是在各國工人運動和革命鬥爭的實踐中，在與各種錯誤思想路線的鬥爭中，在時代發展提出的新問題、新考驗進行創造性研究的過程中發展起來的。

馬克思和恩格斯辭世後，繼任者們繼續推動馬克思主義向前發展。列寧把馬克思主義同俄國革命的具體實踐結合起來，創造性地發展了馬克思主義，提出了帝國主義理論。他發展了馬恩關於無產階級革命和無產階級專政的理論，提出了建立新型無產階級政黨的理論。他總結了蘇維埃俄的實際經驗，提出了社會主義建設的基本原則和指導理論。列寧對馬克思主義的發展，將馬克思主義帶到了一個新的階段，即列寧主義。

俄國革命與蘇聯的建立

隨着1917年十月革命的爆發，布爾什維克從俄國臨時政府手中奪取了政權。布爾什維克建立了第一個以蘇維埃民主和列寧主義思想為基礎的社會主義國家。布爾什維克承諾退出第一次世界大戰，並建立一個無產階級專政國家。十月革命後，蘇維埃政府捲入了與白軍的戰爭。這一時期的特點是許多社會主義政策的確立和主要以馬克思列寧主義形式出現的新的社會主義思想的發展。

1919年，新生的蘇維埃政府建立了共產主義學院和馬克思-恩格斯-列寧研究所，進行馬克思主義的理論研究，並為俄國共產黨出版官方的思想研究文獻。隨着列寧於1924年去世，蘇聯共產主義運動中出現了內部鬥爭，主要是約瑟夫·斯大林和列夫·托洛茨基之間分別以右翼反對派和左翼反對派的形式進行鬥爭。這些鬥爭是基於雙方對馬克思列寧主義理論的不同解釋，這些解釋都是基於當時蘇聯國情的。

中國革命

在抗日戰爭更第二次世界大戰結束後，中國無產階級革命再次爆發。毛澤東領導的中國共產黨，把馬克思主義基本原理與中國國情相結合，創立了毛澤東思想。中華人民共和國於1949年宣布成立。

20世紀下半葉

1959年，古巴革命爆發，菲德爾·卡斯特羅的七二六運動勝利。雖然不是明確的社會主義革命，但卡斯特羅在勝利後升任總理，並採用了列寧主義發展模式，與蘇聯結成了聯盟。

21st century

At the turn of the 21st century, China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea and Vietnam remained the only officially Marxist–Leninist states remaining, although a Maoist government led by Prachanda was elected into power in Nepal in 2008 following a long guerrilla struggle.

The early 21st century also saw the election of socialist governments in several Latin American nations, in what has come to be known as the "pink tide". Dominated by the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez, this trend also saw the election of Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. Forging political and economic alliances through international organizations like the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, these socialist governments allied themselves with Marxist–Leninist Cuba and although none of them espoused a Leninist path directly, most admitted to being significantly influenced by Marxist theory.

At an event celebrating the 200th anniversary of Marx's birth, Xi said "We must win the advantages, win the initiative, and win the future. We must continuously improve the ability to use Marxism to analyze and solve practical problems", adding that Marxism is a "powerful ideological weapon for us to understand the world, grasp the law, seek the truth, and change the world". Xi has further stressed the importance of examining and continuing the tradition of the CPC and embrace its revolutionary past. struggle and revolutionary movement of the working masses.

The most important theoretical sources of Marxism were classical German philosophy, English political economy and French utopian socialism. Marxism took a fundamentally new approach to solving practical and theoretical problems and gave a scientific answer to the main questions posed by the course of social development and, above all, by the development of capitalism and the labor movement; it overcame the idealism and anti-historical, contemplative nature typical of previous social thought.

Theory

Marx famously states in the Communist Manifesto:

The theory of Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property.^[1]

Marxist theory can be divided into three parts, each part deriving from a different period of his life: Marxist Philosophy, inspired by German Philosophy, Marxist Political Theory, inspired by French Socialism, and Marxian Economics, inspired by English Political Economy.^[2]

Philosophy

Marxist philosophy is a materialist philosophy, and it is principally concerned with Dialectical materialism, and Historical materialism. Marx was originally a Hegelian scholar and was often associated with the Young Hegelians, a group of radical Hegelian philosophers in Germany at the time. Like many other Young Hegelians, he distanced himself from them but his philosophy continued to use the same foundation.^[2]

Politics

Marxist political thought is his by far Marx's most famous legacy. Marx was initially persuaded by the views of French Socialists such as Robert Owen, Henri Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier.^[2] He later rejected their theories, denouncing it as Utopian socialism with no theoretical basis, proposing Scientific Socialism instead.

Economics

Marxist political economy is an application of his philosophy to capitalist economies. His theories were inspired by the British Political Economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo.^[2] He showed how capitalism can be analyzed through its own contradictions, beginning in Capital with the commodity.

References

[1] Library:Manifesto of the communist party

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Library:The three sources and three component parts of Marxism

[1]

[2]

@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
-[[File:Marx and Engels 1848.png|thumb|Painting illustrating [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], the founders of scientific socialism]]'''马克思主义'''是由[[卡尔·马克思]]和[[弗里德里希·恩格斯|Friedrich Engels]]创立的科学世界观与思想流派。马克思主义发展起来的理论基础是法国[[空想社会主义]]、英国[[政治经济学]]和德国古典[[哲学]]的批判性结合。 自19世纪以来，马克思主义发展成几种不同的流派，如[[马克思列宁主义]]、[[毛泽东思想]]、胡志明思想等许多流派。马克思主义科学世界观是通过基于历史[[唯物主义]]的社会和历史发展研究形成的。马克思主义科学世界观是通过基于历史唯物主义方法对社会和历史发展的研究形成的。
+[[File:Marx and Engels 1848.png|thumb|关于科学社会主义创始人[[马克思]]和[[恩格斯]]的绘画]]'''马克思主义'''是由[[卡尔·马克思]]和[[弗里德里希·恩格斯|Friedrich Engels]]创立的科学世界观与思想流派。马克思主义发展起来的理论基础是法国[[空想社会主义]]、英国[[政治经济学]]和德国古典[[哲学]]的批判性结合。 自19世纪以来，马克思主义发展成几种不同的流派，如[[马克思列宁主义]]、[[毛泽东思想]]、胡志明思想等许多流派。马克思主义科学世界观是通过基于历史[[唯物主义]]的社会和历史发展研究形成的。马克思主义科学世界观是通过基于历史唯物主义方法对社会和历史发展的研究形成的。
 马克思和恩格斯首先在与[[空想社会主义]]者斗争时发展了科学社会主义，《[[资本论]]》第一卷的发行使其发展更进一步。[[列宁]]在二十世纪实现了无产阶级专政。
-==History==
+==历史==
-Marx and Engels critically rethought and creatively reworked the achievements of the previous scientific and social thought of mankind and summarized the experience of the class struggle and revolutionary movement of the working masses.
+马克思、恩格斯批判地重新思考和创造性地改造了人类以往科学思想和社会发展的成果，总结了工人群众阶级斗争和革命运动的经验。
-Marxism, as a complete theoretical system, was developed in the course of integration with the practice of workers' movements and revolutionary struggles in various countries, as well as in the course of struggle against all kinds of erroneous ideological trends, and in the course of creative research on new problems and new situations raised by the development of the times.
+马克思主义是一个完整的理论体系，是在各国工人运动和革命斗争的实践中，在与各种错误思想路线的斗争中，在时代发展提出的新问题、新考验进行创造性研究的过程中发展起来的。
-After the death of Marx and Engels, their successors continued to push Marxism forward. Lenin combined Marxism with the concrete practice of the Russian Revolution to develop Marxism creatively. Created Marxism's theory of imperialism. He developed the theories of Marx and Engels on the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, and formulated the doctrine of the establishment of a new type of proletarian party. He summed up the practical experience of Soviet Russia and put forward the basic principles and guiding theory of socialist construction. Lenin's development of Marxism brought Marxism to a new stage - the stage of Leninism.
+马克思和恩格斯辞世后，继任者们继续推动马克思主义向前发展。列宁把马克思主义同俄国革命的具体实践结合起来，创造性地发展了马克思主义，提出了帝国主义理论。他发展了马恩关于无产阶级革命和无产阶级专政的理论，提出了建立新型无产阶级政党的理论。他总结了苏维埃俄的实际经验，提出了社会主义建设的基本原则和指导理论。列宁对马克思主义的发展，将马克思主义带到了一个新的阶段，即[[列宁主义]]。
-===Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union===
+===俄国革命与苏联的建立===
-With the [[October Revolution]] in 1917 the [[Bolsheviks]] took power from the [[Russian Provisional Government]]. The Bolsheviks established the first [[socialist state]] based on the ideas of [[soviet democracy]] and [[Leninism]]. Their newly formed federal state promised to end Russian involvement in [[World War I]] and establish a revolutionary worker's state. Following the October Revolution the Soviet government was involved in a struggle with the [[White Movement]] and several independence movements in the [[Russian Civil War]]. This period is marked by the establishment of many socialist policies and the development of new socialist ideas mainly in the form of [[Marxism–Leninism]].
+随着1917年[[十月革命]]的爆发，[[布尔什维克]]从[[俄国临时政府]]手中夺取了政权。布尔什维克建立了第一个以[[苏维埃民主]]和列宁主义思想为基础的社会主义国家。布尔什维克承诺退出[[第一次世界大战]]，并建立一个无产阶级专政国家。十月革命后，苏维埃政府卷入了[[俄国内战|与白军的战争]]。这一时期的特点是许多社会主义政策的确立和主要以[[马克思列宁主义]]形式出现的新的社会主义思想的发展。
-In 1919, the nascent Soviet Government established the [[Communist Academy]] and the [[Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute]] for doctrinal Marxist study as well as to publish official ideological and research documents for the Russian Communist Party. With Lenin's death in 1924, there was an internal struggle in the Soviet Communist movement, mainly between [[Joseph Stalin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]] in the form of the [[Right Opposition]] and [[Left Opposition]] respectively. These struggles were based on both sides different interpretations of Marxist and Leninist theory based on the situation of the [[Soviet Union]] at the time.
+年，新生的苏维埃政府建立了共产主义学院和马克思-恩格斯-列宁研究所，进行马克思主义的理论研究，并为俄国共产党出版官方的思想研究文献。随着列宁于1924年去世，苏联共产主义运动中出现了内部斗争，主要是[[约瑟夫·斯大林]]和[[列夫·托洛茨基]]之间分别以右翼反对派和左翼反对派的形式进行斗争。这些斗争是基于双方对[[马克思列宁主义]]理论的不同解释，这些解释都是基于当时[[苏联]]国情的。
-===Chinese Revolution===
+===中国革命===
-At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War and more widely World War II, the Chinese Communist Revolution took place within the context of the Chinese Civil War. The [[Communist Party of China]], represented by [[Mao Zedong]], combined the basic theories of Marxism with Chinese history and social practice, and founded Mao Zedong Thought. The [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) was declared in 1949, founded on the ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin.
+在[[抗日战争]]更[[第二次世界大战]]结束后，中国无产阶级革命再次爆发。毛泽东领导的中国共产党，把马克思主义基本原理与中国国情相结合，创立了毛泽东思想。中华人民共和国于1949年宣布成立。
-===Late 20th century===
+===20世纪下半叶===
-In 1959, the [[Cuban Revolution]] led to the victory of [[Fidel Castro]] and his July 26 Movement. Although the revolution was not explicitly socialist, upon victory Castro ascended to the position of prime minister and adopted the [[Leninism|Leninist]] model of socialist development, forging an alliance with the Soviet Union.
+年，[[古巴]]革命爆发，菲德尔·卡斯特罗的[[七二六运动]]胜利。虽然不是明确的社会主义革命，但卡斯特罗在胜利后升任总理，并采用了[[列宁主义]]发展模式，与[[苏联]]结成了联盟。
 ===21st century===
 At the turn of the 21st century, China, [[Republic of Cuba|Cuba]], [[Lao People's Democratic Republic|Laos]], [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|North Korea]] and [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam|Vietnam]] remained the only officially Marxist–Leninist states remaining, although a Maoist government led by Prachanda was elected into power in Nepal in 2008 following a long guerrilla struggle.